Name: Crash Course: Organic Chemistry
Uploaded: 2020
Description: In this series, we will be tackling the notoriously complicated subject of organic chemistry, and hopefully having some fun along the way!

In this series, we will be tackling the notoriously complicated subject of organic chemistry, and hopefully having some fun along the way!

Organic chemistry is pretty much everywhere! In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’re talking about the amazing diversity among organic molecules.

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What Is Organic Chemistry?: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #1

Language is complicated, especially in organic chemistry. This episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry is all about nomenclature. We'll dive into IUPAC's systematic naming of organic molecules, and get to practice with the help of three trusty steps!

The Basics of Organic Nomenclature: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #2

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we're building on the last episode's discussion of nomenclature by learning about IUPAC's naming rules for even more functional groups.

More Organic Nomenclature: Heteroatom Functional Groups: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #3

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn how orbital hybridization and valence bond theory can help us explain 3D molecular structures and constitutional and geometric isomers.

3D Structure and Bonding: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #4

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?re learning about mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy through the lens of a forensic investigation. Put on your lab coats, and let?s solve this mystery!

IR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #5

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?re building our knowledge of organic molecules by learning all about these so-called couch potatoes from how they are separated from crude oil to how to use Newman projections to predict torsional strain and steric hindrance.

Alkanes: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #6

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we're learning all about cyclohexanes, including how rings pucker to relieve strain, the boat, and chair conformations, and how ring flips can switch substituents from axial to equatorial.

Cyclohexanes: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #7

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry we?re learning about stereochemistry and how to identify molecules as chiral or achiral. And as always, we?ll be doing a lot of practice!

Stereochemistry: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #8

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll recap all the types of isomers we?ve learned about so far, and also learn about polarimetry as a way to separate enantiomers and how to predict the number of stereoisomers a molecule will have.

More Stereochemical Relationships: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #9

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?re learning about electronegativity, polarity, resonance structures, and resonance hybrids.

Polarity, Resonance, and Electron Pushing: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #10

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn four key factors that we can use to predict relative acidity. This important tool will help us to predict the products of chemical reactions.

Acidity: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #11

This episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry is all about nucleophiles and electrophiles, or what happens at those molecular hot spots we?ve been talking about. We?ll also learn about what IR spectra can tell us about reactions, and how cyanide is more than just a poison from mystery stories.

Nucleophiles and Electrophiles: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #12

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn all about how to write reaction mechanisms. Having this super useful skill means we don?t have to worry about memorizing every reaction that has ever existed.

Intro to Reaction Mechanisms: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #13

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll review and build on our knowledge of alkene nomenclature, revisit our friend the carbocation, and learn Markovnikov?s Rule: an important tool that will help us predict the products of addition reactions involving alkenes.

E/Z Alkenes, Electrophilic Addition, & Carbocations: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #14

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll review some important concepts from general chemistry, learn how to draw energy diagrams, go over the difference between an intermediate and a transition state, and get an introduction to catalysts.

Thermodynamics and Energy Diagrams: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #15

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll specifically be looking at alkene addition reactions, and with each new reaction ask ourselves three questions to help us puzzle through the mechanism and understand what?s going on.

Alkene Addition Reactions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #16

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll focus on alkene redox reactions and revisit our 3-part secret handshake to help us better understand patterns and predict the products of these reactions.

Alkene Redox Reactions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #17

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn about alkynes and some of the reactions we can use them in (hint: it?s a lot of the same reactions we used for alkenes!)

Alkyne Reactions & Tautomerization: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #18

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn all about radicals including the three key steps in a radical reaction and Hammond?s Postulate, an important tool to help us understand these reactions. We?ll also see ways radicals can react with alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

Radical Reactions & Hammond's Postulate: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #19

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn about the two pathways substitution reactions can take: SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, which substrates prefer which mechanism, and we?ll apply this knowledge by looking at how substitution reactions make chemotherapy treatments work.

Intro to Substitution Reactions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #20

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll deepen our knowledge of substitution reactions by looking at factors like substrate structure and reaction conditions to determine whether SN1 or SN2 is the more likely mechanism.

Substitution Reactions - SN1 and SN2 Mechanisms: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #21

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?re going to cover? a lot, including a review of substitution reactions, E1 and E2 mechanisms, Zaitsev?s rule, and more. And of course, we?ll finish with some practice problems.

E1 and E2 Reactions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #22

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn the tricks to this game so that we can figure out which transformation, or mechanism, will occur when we combine any substrate with any nucleophile. Let?s go on an adventure!

Determining SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 Reactions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #23

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll use alcohols as a starting point to get other types of compounds like ethers, epoxides, and more!

Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #24

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?re heading into the lab to learn about one of the ways we can separate chemicals in a mixture: chromatography!

Synthesis and Column Chromatography: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #25

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll look at how NMR allows us to visualize a molecule as a spectrum, and what the peaks on the spectrum tell us about the structure of the molecule.

How to Identify Molecules - Proton NMR: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #26

Ketones and aldehydes are all around and inside us, from the strong-smelling component of nail polish remover, acetone, to hormones in our bodies, to drug treatments for allergies, COVID-19, and even cancer!

An Overview of Aldehydes and Ketones: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #27

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn all about organometallic compounds, including what they are and what kind of reactions we see them in. But beware! This class of compounds may be super useful, but also has a dark side.

Organometallic Reagents and Carbanions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #28

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry we?re diving deeper into aldehydes and ketones by focusing on addition reactions of oxygen and nitrogen based nucleophiles. We?ll cover hydrates, acetals and hemiacetals, imines and enamines, and more!

Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions - Hydrates, Acetals, & Imines: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #29

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll review carboxylic acid synthesis and nomenclature, react carboxylic acids to form salts, esters, and acid chlorides, and start our journey towards synthesizing one of the most important organic chemicals in medicine, penicillin!

Carboxylic Acids: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #30

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll look at four different carboxylic acid derivatives and their reactivities, react them with nucleophiles, and learn some hydrolysis reaction mechanisms that we can use in our synthesis of penicillin!

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives & Hydrolysis Reactions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #31

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn how to convert more reactive carboxylic acid derivatives into less reactive ones, turn carboxylic acids into acid chlorides, reduce carboxylic acid derivatives using metal hydrides, and more!

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives - Interconversion & Organometallics: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #32

In this episode, we?ll look at what makes a good protecting group, as well as identify some good protecting groups for different functional groups. We?ll also see what role protecting groups play in the synthesis of penicillin!

Chemoselectivity and Protecting Groups: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #33

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll practice multistep synthesis problems, learn about how we can use retro synthesis to make more complex molecules, and use liquid-liquid extraction to separate solvents.

Retrosynthesis and Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #34

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll look at different examples of addition and condensation polymers, learn about different types of polymerization, and see how a polymer?s morphology affects its properties.

Polymer Chemistry: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #35

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn all about aromatic compounds, their properties, reactivities, and some of the most important examples, like benzene. We?ll also revisit our friend NMR, and hear about some dubious science history!

Aromaticity, Hückel's Rule, and Chemical Equivalence in NMR: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #36

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll see how we can use electrophilic aromatic substitution to attach stuff to benzene rings like halogens, carbons, and more!

Intro to Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #37

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll continue our exploration of EAS reactions by looking at electron donating groups and electron withdrawing groups on benzene, and how they affect what happens when we try to add new groups to the ring.

More EAS - Electron Donating and Withdrawing Groups: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #38

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry we?ll revisit our old friends the Friedel-Crafts reactions and learn some of their limitations and look at where substitution happens when there are multiple directing groups on a benzene ring.

More EAS & Benzylic Reactions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #39

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll introduce some new lab techniques such as distillation and recrystallization and apply them to everything we?ve been learning about EAS reactions. And we?ll do some synthesis problems!

Synthesis, Distillation, & Recrystallization: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #40

We?ve talked some already about conjugation, but in this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry we?ll go even deeper and look at how conjugation stabilizes molecules and how p orbitals can overlap to form pi molecular orbitals of different energy levels.

Conjugation & UV-Vis Spectroscopy: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #41

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll explore pericyclic reactions to see how the sun can both give us life, and hurt us, and also look at other important pericyclic reactions, such as the Diels-Alder reaction.

The Diels-Alder & Other Pericyclic Reactions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #42

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn all about enols and enolates, their reactivity, and reactions we can do with them including halogenation and alkylation.

Enols and Enolates - Reactivity, Halogenation, and Alkylation: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #43

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn what an aldol is, as well as how aldol reactions work and what they do. Plus we?ll learn about a similar reaction, Claisen condensation.

The Aldol and Claisen Reactions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #44

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll learn about crossed aldol reactions, the formation of kinetic and thermodynamic enolates, hard and soft nucleophiles, conjugate addition, and of course, enones!

Crossed Aldol Reactions, Enones, and Conjugate Addition: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #45

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll explore amine formation and basicity, and revisit some old friends, imines and enamines!

Amines: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #46

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry we'll see how nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to form diazonium salts, we'll learn about alkyldiazonium salts and aryldiazonium salts, and see what conditions are necessary for nucleophilic aromatic substitutions.

Diazonium Salts & Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #47

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we're going back to our roots to learn more about the best synthetic chemists: living things.

Biochemical Building Blocks & Fischer and Haworth Projections: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #48

In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we?ll look at the building blocks that form these biological polymers, including carbohydrates, proteins, and DNA!

Biological Polymers: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #49

In this final episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we'll look at medicinal chemistry by breaking down how penicillin fights bacteria, how proteins are made both in the body and in the lab, and we'll finally finish our synthesis of penicillin V and complete our Mold Medicine Map!